26Title 26El código tributario de EE. UU., explicado EN

26 U.S.C. § 6651

§ 6651. Las multas por presentación tardía y por pago tardío, y cómo reducirlas

Nombre oficial de la sección: § 6651. Failure to file tax return or to pay tax

Texto en Cornell LII (EN)Leer en inglés

Explicación

Presentar tarde cuesta el 5% del impuesto no pagado por mes, hasta un 25%. Pagar tarde cuesta el 0.5% por mes, hasta un 25%. Así que, si no puede pagar, presente a tiempo de todos modos. Los intereses se suman aparte.

En palabras sencillas

La sección 6651 establece las dos multas que aparecen con más frecuencia en las facturas del IRS. Una es por presentar tarde y la otra por pagar tarde. Su tamaño es muy distinto:

  • Multa por no presentar: el 5% del impuesto que todavía adeuda, por cada mes o parte de un mes de retraso de la declaración, hasta un 25%.
  • Multa por no pagar: el 0.5% del impuesto no pagado por cada mes, también hasta un 25%.

Presentar tarde cuesta diez veces más por mes que pagar tarde. Si no puede pagar, presente a tiempo de todos modos (o solicite una prórroga) y pague lo que pueda. Los intereses se cobran aparte sobre el impuesto no pagado y sobre las multas, a la tasa federal a corto plazo más 3 puntos porcentuales, y se ajustan cada trimestre.

A quién afecta

A cualquier persona que presente o pague después de la fecha de vencimiento: el 15 de abril de 2027 para las declaraciones de 2026, o el 15 de octubre con una prórroga. Una prórroga le da más tiempo para presentar, no para pagar.

Las reglas

Situación Multa
Declaración tardía, impuesto no pagado 5% por mes, hasta un 25%
Impuesto no pagado después de la fecha de vencimiento 0.5% por mes, hasta un 25%
Ambas en el mismo mes 4.5% por presentar + 0.5% por pagar
Declaración con más de 60 días de retraso Al menos un mínimo fijado por ley ($435, que se ajusta cada año por inflación, así que ahora es algo más de $500), o el 100% del impuesto si esa cantidad es menor
Después de un aviso de intención de embargo La tasa por pago tardío se duplica al 1% por mes
Con un plan de pagos y la declaración presentada a tiempo La tasa por pago tardío baja al 0.25% por mes
No presentar la declaración de manera fraudulenta 15% por mes, hasta un 75%

Las multas se calculan sobre el impuesto que todavía se adeuda. Si su y sus ya cubren el impuesto, una declaración tardía por lo general no cuesta nada, aunque se presente con mucho retraso. Pero un reembolso solo se puede reclamar durante unos 3 años.

Cómo lograr que se elimine una multa. La ley exime los incumplimientos que se deben a una causa razonable y no a negligencia intencional, como una enfermedad grave, un desastre o registros que usted no pudo obtener. El IRS también ofrece la condonación de la multa por primera vez (first-time abatement): si no tuvo multas en los tres años tributarios anteriores (una multa por impuesto estimado no cuenta), ha presentado todas las declaraciones obligatorias y ha pagado el impuesto adeudado o ha acordado cómo pagarlo, por lo general puede pedir por teléfono que se elimine una multa por presentación o por pago tardío. También se eliminan los intereses sobre la multa condonada, pero los intereses sobre el impuesto en sí se mantienen.

Ejemplo práctico

Rosa adeuda $4,000 de 2026. Presenta y paga el 20 de agosto de 2027, unos 4 meses y 5 días después del 15 de abril, lo que equivale a 5 meses o partes de mes.

  • Presentación tardía: 4.5% × 5 × $4,000 = $900
  • Pago tardío: 0.5% × 5 × $4,000 = $100
  • Más unos $100 de intereses

Eso suma unos $1,100 de costo adicional. Si hubiera presentado el 15 de abril y pagado en agosto, la multa habría sido de $100 por pago tardío, más los intereses.

Tenga en cuenta

  • Una prórroga (Formulario 4868) le da más tiempo para presentar, no para pagar. Pague lo que calcule que va a deber antes del 15 de abril.
  • Las multas por impuesto estimado para trabajadores independientes son una regla aparte (sección 6654).
  • Solicite la condonación de la multa por primera vez antes de pagar una multa. Es más fácil que conseguir un reembolso después.

Explicación preliminar. Las cifras se verificaron con el Rev. Proc. 2025-32 del IRS y el texto vigente el 5 de noviembre de 2026. Aún no la ha revisado un profesional tributario con licencia.

Historia

Forma parte del código desde 1954. Último cambio: 20 de diciembre de 2019, por la Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (SECURE Act).

Todos los cambios, del más reciente al más antiguo (19)
  1. 20 de diciembre de 2019Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (SECURE Act)
  2. 1 de julio de 2019Public Law 116-25
  3. 23 de marzo de 2018Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018
  4. 22 de diciembre de 2017Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017)
  5. 24 de febrero de 2016Public Law 114-125
  6. 19 de diciembre de 2014Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014
  7. 17 de junio de 2008Public Law 110-245
  8. 22 de julio de 1998IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998
  9. 30 de julio de 1996Public Law 104-168
  10. 19 de diciembre de 1989Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989
  11. 22 de diciembre de 1987Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
  12. 22 de octubre de 1986Tax Reform Act of 1986
  13. 18 de julio de 1984Deficit Reduction Act of 1984
  14. 3 de septiembre de 1982Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
  15. 4 de octubre de 1976Tax Reform Act of 1976
  16. 1 de abril de 1971Public Law 92-9
  17. 30 de diciembre de 1969Tax Reform Act of 1969
  18. 28 de junio de 1968Public Law 90-364
  19. 16 de agosto de 1954Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (original text)

El texto de la ley (en inglés)

El Código no tiene traducción oficial al español. Vigente hasta la Public Law 119-102.

(a) Addition to the tax

In case of failure—

(1)

to file any return required under authority of subchapter A of chapter 61 (other than part III thereof), subchapter A of chapter 51 (relating to distilled spirits, wines, and beer), or of subchapter A of chapter 52 (relating to tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, and cigarette papers and tubes), or of subchapter A of chapter 53 (relating to machine guns and certain other firearms), on the date prescribed therefor (determined with regard to any extension of time for filing), unless it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, there shall be added to the amount required to be shown as tax on such return 5 percent of the amount of such tax if the failure is for not more than 1 month, with an additional 5 percent for each additional month or fraction thereof during which such failure continues, not exceeding 25 percent in the aggregate;

(2)

to pay the amount shown as tax on any return specified in paragraph (1) on or before the date prescribed for payment of such tax (determined with regard to any extension of time for payment), unless it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, there shall be added to the amount shown as tax on such return 0.5 percent of the amount of such tax if the failure is for not more than 1 month, with an additional 0.5 percent for each additional month or fraction thereof during which such failure continues, not exceeding 25 percent in the aggregate; or

(3)

to pay any amount in respect of any tax required to be shown on a return specified in paragraph (1) which is not so shown (including an assessment made pursuant to section 6213(b)) within 21 calendar days from the date of notice and demand therefor (10 business days if the amount for which such notice and demand is made equals or exceeds $100,000), unless it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, there shall be added to the amount of tax stated in such notice and demand 0.5 percent of the amount of such tax if the failure is for not more than 1 month, with an additional 0.5 percent for each additional month or fraction thereof during which such failure continues, not exceeding 25 percent in the aggregate.

In the case of a failure to file a return of tax imposed by chapter 1 within 60 days of the date prescribed for filing of such return (determined with regard to any extensions of time for filing), unless it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, the addition to tax under paragraph (1) shall not be less than the lesser of $435 or 100 percent of the amount required to be shown as tax on such return.

(b) Penalty imposed on net amount due

For purposes of—

(1)

subsection (a)(1), the amount of tax required to be shown on the return shall be reduced by the amount of any part of the tax which is paid on or before the date prescribed for payment of the tax and by the amount of any credit against the tax which may be claimed on the return,

(2)

subsection (a)(2), the amount of tax shown on the return shall, for purposes of computing the addition for any month, be reduced by the amount of any part of the tax which is paid on or before the beginning of such month and by the amount of any credit against the tax which may be claimed on the return, and

(3)

subsection (a)(3), the amount of tax stated in the notice and demand shall, for the purpose of computing the addition for any month, be reduced by the amount of any part of the tax which is paid before the beginning of such month.

(c) Limitations and special rule
(1) Additions under more than one paragraph

With respect to any return, the amount of the addition under paragraph (1) of subsection (a) shall be reduced by the amount of the addition under paragraph (2) of subsection (a) for any month (or fraction thereof) to which an addition to tax applies under both paragraphs (1) and (2). In any case described in the last sentence of subsection (a), the amount of the addition under paragraph (1) of subsection (a) shall not be reduced under the preceding sentence below the amount provided in such last sentence.

(2) Amount of tax shown more than amount required to be shown

If the amount required to be shown as tax on a return is less than the amount shown as tax on such return, subsections (a)(2) and (b)(2) shall be applied by substituting such lower amount.

(d) Increase in penalty for failure to pay tax in certain cases
(1) In general

In the case of each month (or fraction thereof) beginning after the day described in paragraph (2) of this subsection, paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (a) shall be applied by substituting “1 percent” for “0.5 percent” each place it appears.

(2) Description

For purposes of paragraph (1), the day described in this paragraph is the earlier of—

(A)

the day 10 days after the date on which notice is given under section 6331(d), or

(B)

the day on which notice and demand for immediate payment is given under the last sentence of section 6331(a).

(e) Exception for estimated tax

This section shall not apply to any failure to pay any estimated tax required to be paid by section 6654 or 6655.

(f) Increase in penalty for fraudulent failure to file

If any failure to file any return is fraudulent, paragraph (1) of subsection (a) shall be applied—

(1)

by substituting “15 percent” for “5 percent” each place it appears, and

(2)

by substituting “75 percent” for “25 percent”.

(g) Treatment of returns prepared by Secretary under section 6020(b)

In the case of any return made by the Secretary under section 6020(b)—

(1)

such return shall be disregarded for purposes of determining the amount of the addition under paragraph (1) of subsection (a), but

(2)

such return shall be treated as the return filed by the taxpayer for purposes of determining the amount of the addition under paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (a).

(h) Limitation on penalty on individual’s failure to pay for months during period of installment agreement

In the case of an individual who files a return of tax on or before the due date for the return (including extensions), paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (a) shall each be applied by substituting “0.25” for “0.5” each place it appears for purposes of determining the addition to tax for any month during which an installment agreement under section 6159 is in effect for the payment of such tax.

(i) Application to imputed underpayment

For purposes of this section, any failure to comply with section 6226(b)(4)(A)(ii) shall be treated as a failure to pay the amount described in subclause (II) thereof and such amount shall be treated for purposes of this section as an amount shown as tax on a return specified in subsection (a)(1).

(j) Adjustment for inflation
(1) In general

In the case of any return required to be filed in a calendar year beginning after 2020, the $435 dollar amount under subsection (a) shall be increased by an amount equal to such dollar amount multiplied by the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year determined by substituting “calendar year 2019” for “calendar year 2016” in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.

(2) Rounding

If any amount adjusted under paragraph (1) is not a multiple of $5, such amount shall be rounded to the next lowest multiple of $5.